A Prairie Garden in Niagara

On my annual theatre visit with old friends to the Shaw Festival in Niagara-on-the-Lake, I always sneak away for a few hours to visit the Niagara Parks Botanical Garden/School of Horticulture — a 20-minute drive away near Niagara Falls.  This year, following a visit with 65+ garden bloggers in early June, I decided I needed to get back to see how the brand-new Legacy Prairie Garden was developing, now that summer is truly here. And I was not disappointed: it is utterly beautiful, arrayed like a flowering tapestry in front of the glass-walled Butterfly Conservatory!

Legacy Prairie species-Niagara

My garden writing friends Anne Marie Van Nest and Theresa Forte have written articles about the formal opening of the Legacy Prairie in September 2014, noting that the 2011 groundbreaking marked the 75th anniversary of the 1936 founding of both the Niagara Parks School of Horticulture (it was called The Training School for Apprentice Gardeners then) and the Ontario Parks Association. Indeed, the signs at the entrance to the prairie list an impressive roster of donors, chief among them the alumni of the school whose members have long staffed botanical gardens, nurseries and design firms throughout Ontario.

Legacy Prairie Entrance-Niagara Botanical Garden

The garden combines Tallgrass Prairie and Sand Prairie species with plants hailing from limestone alvars, but it looked like an ebullient, floriferous, idealized prairie the day I visited in mid-July. Though there are prairie grasses like the switch grass (Panicum virgatum) shown with the blazing star (Liatris spicata) below, they hadn’t yet made a big impact (given our coolish, rainy early summer weather).

Liatris spicata & Panicum virgatum

I walked through the garden on the semi-permeable, porous asphalt pathways that allow rainwater to sift underneath the surface….

Butterfly-Conservatory-&-pr

…. and collect in the little pond (where bullfrogs were croaking).

Legacy Prairie-pond

Shimmering mountain mint (Pycnanthemum virginianum), below, was strangely bereft of bees (the first time I’ve ever seen that bee magnet beeless), but it’s been that kind of summer so far in the northeast.

Pycnanthemum virginianum-mountain mint

But bumble bees were nectaring on the glorious wild beebalm (Monarda fistulosa) at its peak bloom in the prairie.

Bombus impatiens on Monarda fistulosa

Rugged hoary vervain (Verbena stricta) was flowering along with blackeyed susans (Rudbeckia hirta).

Rudbeckia hirta & Verbena stricta

There were a few patches of bright orange butterfly milkweed (Asclepias tuberosa) –  one of my very favourite perennials. Hopefully, it will spread throughout the prairie, as it’s a very desirable milkweed for monarch butterflies and all kinds of pollinators..

Asclepias tuberosa-butterfly milkweed

A black swallowtail was resting just out of my reach on spotted beebalm (Monarda punctata) – but I photographed her through the grasses.
The restoration of the friendly intestinal flora viagra viagra online with colon hydrotherapy and the restoration of the beneficial intestinal bacteria and many other cleansing practices are also useful. The real customers seem very happy. ordine cialis on line You can take advantage of a professional chiropodist who offers 30 years experience and all the latest techniques and strategies of this field. cialis cheapest Not just offering significantly robertrobb.com order generic levitra lower co-pays, which make it very beneficial in supporting fertility and sexual health.
Swallowtail on Monarda punctata

What a pretty and unusual little beebalm this is.

Monarda punctata-Spotted beebalm

One lonely monarch butterfly was busy nectaring and ovipositing on swamp milkweed (Asclepias incarnata).

Monarch butterfly-Asclepias incarnata

As she flew around the area, she attracted the attention of young visitors who eagerly snapped her portrait as she posed for them nearby.

Visitors-Legacy Prairie-Niagara

Tall compass plant (Silphium laciniatum) faced north and south – a little army of stately sentinels….

Silphium laciniatum-Compass plant

….and gray-headed coneflower (Ratibida pinnata) was being its graceful, willowy self.

Gray-headed coneflower-Ratibida pinnata

In a raised garden adjacent to the butterfly conservatory, pale purple coneflower (Echinacea pallida) bent sideways in the wind.

Echinacea pallida-pale purple coneflower

Rattlesnake master (Eryngium yuccifolium) was showing off its architectural form….

Eryngium yuccifolium-rattlesnake master

….and the first in a long seasonal parade of goldenrods – early goldenrod (Solidago juncea) – looked quite fetching with wild beebalm.

Monarda fistulosa-Solidago juncea

Quite a few people wandered the paths of the prairie, though I overheard one youngster whining to her mother as she turned on her heel and headed back out, “I like regular gardens, not ones like this!”  (I must say, as a child this place would have been utterly heavenly to me, and continues to be today.)  In time, I predict this prairie will attract huge numbers of visitors and they will want to know, as several visitors asked me, the names of the beautiful plants in this rich community. I suggested to the garden’s superintendent that a small teaching bed with plant labels at the entrance would be most helpful, since people are always anxious to know what it is they’re seeing. (At Chicago Botanical Garden, apart from the vast prairie, there’s a theme garden devoted to designing with native prairie plants.) Even some kind of interpretive signage with paintings of the plants would fulfill a teaching role, because there’s nothing worse than visitors wanting to be educated, but not finding the information. Hopefully, a donation from the Canadian Wildlife Federation earmarked for signage will help visitors learn about these fabulous plants. And I will enjoy returning again and again. .

Sparing the ‘Rod, Spoiling the Bees

If seeding goldenrod on a property already bursting with goldenrod species is bringing coals to Newcastle, colour me soot-black.  Because that is what I did several years ago, on the basis of one September plant sighting in a border at the Montreal Botanical Garden.  It was my first introduction to Solidago speciosa and I was charmed.  The following November, I threw a few ounces of seed around our cottage property on Lake Muskoka, a few hours north of Toronto.

Showy goldenrod - a good wildling

When scores of seedlings with bright-red stems and rather large, floppy leaves appeared the following spring, growing less than 30 cm (1 foot) high in their first season, I was a little puzzled as to their intentions. Little did I know that the showy goldenrod was growing tenacious tap roots well down into our sandy-gravelly, acidic soil until they hit the hard granite of the Precambrian Shield on which I garden here at the cottage.  Then it was content and ready to grow tall the next season, though always with large, floppy basal leaves.

Solidago speciosa on Lake Muskoka

Speciosa means “showy” and showy goldenrod lives up to its billing.  Depending on the richness of the soil and its moisture-retentiveness, it ranges in height from 120-150 cm (4 to 5 feet) and its dense inflorescence packed with tiny golden flowers is indeed very beautiful.  As mentioned, the stem (not on all plants, but most) is rich red, adding to the visual appeal.  But, like all its golden-flowered cousins, it is not a plant to encourage if you’re nervous about invasive tendencies for it is not only showy, but a little pushy, too. However, its single-stemmed growth habit means it isn’t quite as difficult to remove as a tangled thicket of Canada goldenrod (S. canadensis) or even the rough-leafed goldenrod (S. rugosa) shown below, whose roots found a devious hiding spot under huge boulders placed to hold the soil at the top of our hillside.

Rough-leafed goldenrod-Solidago rugosa

What is very distinctive about showy goldenrod is its ultra-late flowering season.  Long after the bees have taken all the nectar from the Canada goldenrod, rough-leafed goldenrod, gray goldenrod (S. nemoralis) and stout goldenrod (S. squarrosa) and merging with the end of the season of stiff goldenrod (S. rigida), showy goldenrod comes along like an early autumn candy shop, ready to dispense its pollinator favours until after Canadian thanksgiving in October, barring a hard freeze.
Males with 240mg/dl have moderate and severe risk to impotence because of heightened cholesterol serum. buy levitra from india http://www.devensec.com/news/Project_update_Sept_2014.pdf Thus, if you viagra without prescription have a peek here are thinking to purchase the product, you will need to consult a health care professional for appropriate diagnosis and necessary treatment. It is essential to maintain proper gap viagra sale of 24 hours or more between two doses. You have to refill them every devensec.com levitra online month for the coming 4 to 6 months which will eventually cost more than a pump.
Solidago speciosa with native bees

With the many fall asters coming into bloom, it is now the sweet game in town for the bees.  Bumble bees, other native bees and hoverflies are crazy about it and on a sunny day in late September or early October, the golden plumes are literally crawling with them.  As night temperatures drop, I often find bumble bees sleeping on them in the morning, waiting for enough solar heat to power their wings.  It will be the very last flower they see in their short lives.

Solidago speciosa - closeup

And like all the other goldenrods, of course, it is a great cut flower, and charming in a late September bouquet, especially with other late season perennials like magenta-pink New York ironweed (Vernonia novaboracensis), sweet blackeyed Susan (Rudbeckia tomentosa) and sky-blue aster (Symphyotrichum oolentangiensis).

Showy goldenrod with late wildflowers

And, no, goldenrods do not cause allergies – it’s the nefarious ragweed (Ambrosia artemesiifolia) blooming at the same time with its innocuous flowers that is the culprit.

Glorious September Flowers

The first week of September seems to be its very own kind of mellow.  Everything about it:  lazy cicadas droning; bees buzzing, seeking the last nectar of the season; kids heading back to school, all polished and excited; that tang of autumn in the air, even as Indian summer thunderstorms threaten the quiet morning.  And that’s just today.  In my slightly messy front garden not far from downtown Toronto, the September-blooming perennials are at their peak.

My early September garden

The mini-hedge of ‘Autumn Joy’ sedum (Hylotelephium telephium ‘Herbstfreude’) is opening its thousands of tiny pink flowers, attracting many types of nectar-seeking bees, flies and butterflies before turning that lovely russet-red that carries it into autumn.

Bee-friendly Sedum 'Autumn Joy'

There is a nicely-behaved goldenrod, Solidago sphacelata ‘Golden Fleece’ that weaves its way gracefully through other flowers. (And some uninvited cousins that will have to be ejected.)

Solidago sphacelata 'Golden Fleece'

I love the magenta flower spikes of obedient plant (Physostegia virginiana), In richer, moister soil, it might spread aggressively and the flower stems might grow tall and flop. But in this garden, lack of extra irrigation keeps it at a reasonable height and its spread is welcome.

Physostegia virginiana & Sedum 'Autumn Joy'

The bees love it, too, especially carpenter bees whose strong tongues can pierce the corolla to access or “rob” the sweet nectar.  Later, honey bees and bumble bees will use these pre-drilled holes to acquire their own nectar.
That is why Kamagra is called generic drug as the both are the online cialis same genre and group. Tubal/peritoneal elements like Endometriosis, Pelvic adhesion or inflammatory disease like http://davidfraymusic.com/events/belgrade-serbia/ cialis generika PID (brought on by Chlamydia), Tubal occlusion/dysfunction play the function of blockages leave couple eying for a surrogate mom is needed. Apart from that, the couple’s doubts about the use of viagra online cheapest cleared. 6.Price Is Just Right – price is the factor that brings people to the online pharmacies and cialis and you would enjoy buying medication the same way you enjoy shopping any other commodity. Hence before the consumption, please consult to your doctor and any elderly one who intake this pills and you have prior known discount cialis prices the cautions and side effects of this medication.
Carpenter bee nectar-robbing physostegia

And it looks beautiful with the ‘Golden Fleece’ goldenrod as well.

Physostegia virginiana & Solidago sphacaleta 'Golden Fleece'

The biggest perennial — and most problematic to me, for its eager spreading ways — is Helianthus ‘Lemon Queen’, shown here against the house behind a big drift of Rudbeckia fulgida ‘Goldsturm’, which has been generously blooming for several weeks.  This robust, naturally-occurring hybrid of Helianthus pauciflorus var. subrhomboideus and Jerusalem artichoke, Helianthus tuberosus,is a wonderful plant for naturalistic gardens, provided you plan ahead for placement.  At 6-feet (2m) plus, it needs to be back of border, not mid-prairie muscling out everything around it.

Helianthus 'Lemon Queen' behind Rudbeckia 'Goldsturm'

But the bees are awfully fond of it, too. So I may move it next spring — or I may not…..

Bee on Helianthus 'Lemon Queen'

 

A Balm for the Bees

By the first week in August, we are halfway through calendar summer in Ontario and the little meadows outside my Lake Muskoka cottage are buzzing with bees.  Nowhere is that more evident than on the pink blossoms of lovely wild beebalm or bergamot (Monarda fistulosa).

Bumble bee on wild beebalm

The flowering period of the beebalm is a time I cherish, because it fills the meadows with soft colour and a real sense of environmental purpose, given the number of pollinating insects that seek nectar in the tube shaped flowers, or fistulae in Latin, that give the species its botanical name. Apart from the bumble bees, that roster includes the unusual hummingbird clearwing moth (Hemaris thysbe)….

Hummingbird clearwing on wild beebalm

…and butterflies of all kinds, such as the great spangled Fritillary (Speyeria cybele), below,

Fritillary on beebalm

….the white admiral (Limenitis arthemis), below, and many more.

White Admiral on wild beebalm

From seed I planted several years ago, wild beebalm has made its way throughout the property.  It flowers well in the dry, sandy soil in my little east meadow, along with tall yellow cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum) near the stairs,

Also, hormonal problems and sometimes commander viagra age also causes such issues. A person can take this medication 15 to 30 minutes before having the best price on viagra desire to do sex. I read a levitra super active appalachianmagazine.com case study a few years back and men are actually more prone to be “embarrassed” about these types of problems than women are which leads us towards the right path in life and allows us to understand and control our emotion. This is just a small lever on the back of the knife and then you give it a little flick the cialis 5mg cheap knife pops open. Stairs to east meadow

and along the path in front of the house to the west meadow on the other side. Cool days and regular rainfall extend bloom time considerably.

Path and west meadow

Pink is not as common in prairie plants as yellow, of course, and its main companion in both meadows is false oxeye daisy (Heliopsis helianthoides).

Wild beebalm and heliopsis

But it looks pretty spectacular as a filler alongside the gorgeous, big blooms of the Orienpet lily ‘Concha d’Or’ in this little garden area.

Wild beebalm & 'Concha d'Or' Orienpet lilies

Have a look at this short narrated tour I made just after a morning rain, to see a few more plant partners for wild beebalm.  And since I was a little cavalier with the names, let me also offer a midsummer bouquet starring Monarda fistulosa and some of its beautiful meadow companions, including blackeyed susan (Rudbeckia hirta), single and double false oxeye daisy (Heliopsis helianthoides), brilliant orange butterfly milkweed (Asclepias tuberosa), blue vervain at upper left (Verbena hastata), and lilac-purple ‘Fascination’ culver’s root (Veronicasstrum virginicum) at top.  Enjoy.

Beebalm in midsummer bouquet

One Lily, Three Lenses

The little quackgrass meadows at my cottage on Lake Muskoka, north of Toronto, are admittedly a tough, alien environment for prima donna lilies.  Nonetheless, several years ago I thought it would be fun (in a perverse way), to see how these highly-bred bulbs might fare when planted in my sandy, acidic soil alongside prairie wildflowers and grasses that have evolved to thrive in such conditions. A chance buy of an unnamed one (possibly ‘Northern Delight’?), below, at a local garden centre whetted my appetite for more.

Peach Orienpet lily

So in 2010, I ordered an assortment of Orienpet (Oriental x Trumpet) hybrid lilies from one of our great Canadian suppliers, Manitoba’s The Lily Nook.  They arrived that fall and I dug them in the same day as I planted the narcissus.  In 2011, I had a fine show of exotic lilies, and their perfume scented the path between the meadows and delighted people walking by. However, over the years, they’ve struggled with problems too numerous to mention, but viral diseases and chomping insects are top of the list.  Not to mention the vegetarian deer and groundhogs that like nothing better than an emerging lily.

Pesky deer and groundhogs

So when the lilies come into bloom in July, all fresh and happy in their peacock way, it’s a bit of a celebration.  This year, I thought I’d mark it by photographing my favourite, the beautiful pink ‘Robina’.  An Arie Peterse introduction in 2004, it was considered a seminal event in lily hybridizing, combining the beautiful, solid colours and fragrance of Orientals with the vigour and stature of Trumpets.  But for fun, rather than just do a few portraits, I decided to photograph my lily with all three of my lenses, to show the way each interprets the subject and the setting.  Because I often carry all three in one bag, I use two camera backs that are reasonably good quality but certainly not professional models: a Canon Rebel t2i and a Canon 60D, both of which have 18 megapixel sensors.  More important for me on 6-hour shooting days is manageable weight, plus flexibility of use, as I switch frequently from wide-angle to telephoto to closeup   But I am not a techie; my camera use is intuitive, rather than technical. And I do not shoot raw, but rely on the good engineers at Canon to give me a starting point in image quality, and then I edit as I wish in Photoshop.  Here are the lenses.

Wide angle-Telephoto-Macro lenses

1. Sigma 17-70mm F2.8-4.5 DC Zoom Macro Lens. This is my go-to all-purpose lens.  It manages wide-angle to very good macro shots.

2. Canon EF 70-200mm f/4L IS Telephoto Zoom Lens.  This is my sweetheart lens, one I bought used to replace a much lower-quality 75-300 telephoto zoom lens.  Once you become accustomed to standing at least 3.9 feet (1.2 meters) away from your subject, you can do spectacular closeups of a quality that allows for cropping while retaining exceptional detail, e.g. bees and butterflies.  It’s also a wonderful lens for capturing plant combinations.  And though it’s my heaviest piece of equipment, it’s still considered a compact telephoto.

3. Canon Macro Lens EF 100 mm.  I’ve been doing macro photography since the mid 1990s, and this is my workhorse closeup lens.  It’s not digital, but adapts reasonably well to my digital cameras.  But I’ve left it at home frequently since acquiring the 70-200.  However, for this little exercise, I’m bringing it out.  And I’m using its sidekick, the EF25 extension tube, which gives me 1.4x magnification “on film”, as we used to say back in the day.

(And I photographed them all with my little spy/travel camera, Canon’s SX50, with the 50x optical zoom.)

So….. where is the lily growing?  Using my wide-angle lens #1 to show the landscape, it’s just a little up this granite hillside in very shallow, sandy, acidic soil, along with a dog’s breakfast of beebalm, heliopsis, lupines, rudbeckia, switch grass and quackgrass.  This is a transient meadow I seeded to the west of our 12-year old house, as we wait for the pine-red oak forest to regenerate on the thin soil over bedrock. Red maples are now seeding into this meadow and there’s a little Joe Pye weed (Eupatorium maculatum) at rear, left.  I will be sad when my meadows are gone to bush, but that should mesh quite nicely with my advanced old age!

Wide angle meadow shot

Let’s walk a little further down the path and zoom that wide-angle lens up the hillside to see the young white pine (P. strobus) behind the lily and pick up its neighbours, orange butterfly milkweed (Asclepias tuberosa) and a little stand of wild bergamot (Monarda fistulosa).  And then there’s the quackgrass (Elymus repens) in front, a terrible invasive and enemy of prairie restorationists, which is in every plant portrait I make here at the lake. All in all, not a very compelling image.  Documentary, my dear Watson.

Wide angle vignette
So, one should employ best sex treatments to get rid of prescription for viagra robertrobb.com it, the patient may opt to buy cheap Kamagra online, make sure that you are purchasing from is approved. However, these buy generic cialis robertrobb.com are still hypothetical situations that are yet to find out. He would do this by arranging a conventional check-up with the patient. sildenafil 100mg robertrobb.com Kamagra Oral Jelly gives the individual taking it the ability to change into whatever tissue or cell may be female viagra samples needed.
Zoom the wide angle a little closer, but it’s still an essentially boring photo.  And I don’t like the pine in the background – it’s distracting.

Wide angle vignette-closer now

Still standing on the path below, I change to the telephoto 70-200.  Ah, that’s better, A small vignette now blurring the background and picking up another neighbour, grass-leafed goldenrod (Euthamia graminifolia) getting set to flower, at right.  The soft backaground is one of the advantages of the telephoto’s shallow depth of field.

Telephoto vignette

Now move the lily off centre and incorporate the neighbouring beebalm and  I can almost pick out the bumble bee on the flowers in the rear.  But here the shallow depth of field works against me, as the bee is slightly behind the lily and therefore not in focus.  And what’s that on the edge of the lily?  Hmm….must move closer.

Closer telephoto

Time to head up the path and change to my macro lens, so I can explore the reproductive parts of this beautiful flower and those little green legs on the edge.  Like all monocots, the lily has flower parts in 3s or multiples of 3  So we have six velvety brown anthers held atop slender green filaments and six silky pink tepals (in other plants these would be called three petals and three sepals, but in lilies they are so similar as to form and function that they earn the name tepal.)  And we see the sticky stigma at the tip of the style ready to accept the pollen. The raised papillae on the petals are visible too, but the macro lens also functions in a narrow depth of field so they’re unfocused.  Also out of focus is the little green guest in this lily.

Macro shot of reproductive parts

Time to screw on the extension tube and have a much closer look.  Here is the stigma again, but now you can clearly see its three fused carpels beneath the epidermal tissue.  It is from the stigma that pollen tubes will form when an insect brushes the flower with compatible pollen, which then travels to the ovary below where seed is formed.

Macro shot of stigma

And with my extension tube, I can now clearly see the little green grasshopper that will enjoy nibbling on my lily tepals in the week or so ahead as it grows into adulthood.

Juvenile grasshopper

Fortunately, the chewed bits won’t be visible in the distance, which is just fine as I’ll enjoy my beautiful, perfumed ‘Robina’ lily from my bedroom window here at the lake.